Analyses

2D Class Averaging

Scientific rendering of 3D protein structure, structural biology | Nano Imaging
NIS Molecule
NIS Protein Structure

The fine structural details of individual particles can be difficult to discern from raw images taken on an electron microscope. This is due to the low signal-to-noise ratio typical for imaging of radiation-sensitive biological samples. It becomes even more challenging when the particles are conformationally or compositionally heterogeneous. 

2D class averaging enhances signal, increasing information that can be gleaned.

In this process, individual particles are selected from TEM images, aligned relative to each other, and then computationally classified based on apparent similarities. In this way each particle class becomes an average of many similar particles, which enhances the overall signal. These 2D class averages provide a rich source of information on basic particle features, domain structures, and can also help in understanding the degree of particle flexibility. 

Our automated methods provide reliable high throughput image acquisition and help answer questions on critical particle features. This service can be used with both negative stain and cryo-EM images.

Types of Proteins We've Imaged

  • Antibacterial Targets
  • Antibacterial Targets
  • Antibody-antigen complexes
  • Antibody-antigen complexes
  • DNA & RNA editing enzymes
  • DNA & RNA editing enzymes
  • DNA Binding Proteins
  • DNA Binding Proteins
  • DNA Polymerases & DNA repair
    • POLQ
    • BRCA
  • DNA Polymerases & DNA repair
    • POLQ
    • BRCA
  • GPCRs
  • GPCRs
  • Icosahedral (Adenovirus, AAV)
  • Icosahedral (Adenovirus, AAV)
  • Inflammasome
  • Inflammasome
  • Ion channels
  • Ion channels
  • Macromolecular Complexes
    • Ribosome
    • Splicosome
    • BAF
  • Macromolecular Complexes
    • Ribosome
    • Splicosome
    • BAF
  • Membrane proteins
  • Membrane proteins
  • Multi-component complexes
    • PROTACs
    • Molecular Glues
  • Multi-component complexes
    • PROTACs
    • Molecular Glues
  • Protein degraders
  • Protein degraders
  • Protein-nucleic acid complexes
  • Protein-nucleic acid complexes
  • Proteins - with and without ligands
  • Proteins - with and without ligands
  • Solute Carrier Proteins (SLCs)
  • Solute Carrier Proteins (SLCs)

Samples We've Characterized

  • Exosomes
  • Exosomes
  • Extracellular Vesicles
  • Extracellular Vesicles
  • Iron nanoparticles
  • Iron nanoparticles
  • Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs), with mRNA, RNA, DNA payloads
  • Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs), with mRNA, RNA, DNA payloads
  • Liposomes
  • Liposomes
  • Micelles
  • Micelles
  • Nanotubes
  • Nanotubes
  • Polymeric nanoparticles
  • Polymeric nanoparticles
  • Protein (subunit) based nanoparticles
    • Albumin NPs (Abraxane)
    • SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine
  • Protein (subunit) based nanoparticles
    • Albumin NPs (Abraxane)
    • SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine
  • Virus-Like Particles (VLPs)
    • Associated Adeno-Virus (AAV) Characterization
    • Hepatitis B Virus (HBV ) Characterization
    • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Characterization
    • Lentivirus Characterization
  • Virus-Like Particles (VLPs)
    • Associated Adeno-Virus (AAV) Characterization
    • Hepatitis B Virus (HBV ) Characterization
    • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Characterization
    • Lentivirus Characterization
  • Viruses, attenuated and recombinant (BSL-2 & below)
  • Viruses, attenuated and recombinant (BSL-2 & below)
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NIS Mountain Hero